I. THEORETICAL

1. Growth and development of the craniofacial skeleton:

• Brief introduction in the embryology of the face & head
• Bone growth
• Methods of studying growth
• Postnatal growth and development of the cranium & face
• Clinical application
• Theories of growth

2. Muscles of the jaws and face:

• Development of muscles
• Muscles changes during growth
• Muscles function, facial development
• Muscles development, skull in relation to function

3. Development of dentition and occlusion:

3.A. Primary dentition:

• Formation & eruption of primary teeth
• Development of primary occlusion
  • Width
  • Anteroposterior
  • Vertical

3.B. Development of permanent dentition:

• Formation of permanent teeth
• Eruption of permanent teeth
• Development of permanent occlusion
• Andrews' six keys to normal occlusion

3.C. Other factors in occlusal development:

• Role of muscles
• Abnormal muscle & pressure habits
• Factors determining tooth position during occlusal development
  (Effect of tooth size, Age changes)

4. Stomatognathic system:

• Trajectories of forces
• Closed functional system
• Dynamics of the mandible
• Swallowing
• T.M.J.

5. Etiology of malocclusion and classification of etiological factors:

• System of classification of etiologic factors
• Nutritional deficiencies and dentofacial anomalies

6. Classification of malocclusion:

• Normality
• Purpose of classification
• System of classification
  (Angle - Simon - Skeletal - Body built - Ackedrman & Proffit)

7. Orthodontic Examination:

• Facial examination
• Intraoral examination
• Functional examination
• Diagnostic criteria
  • Essential (Study casts, intraoral radiographs, photographs, cephalometric radiographs)
  • Supplemental (Electromyography, hand & wrist x-ray, BMR)
    Significance of diagnostic criteria.

8. Cephalometrics:

• Technical terms
• Control of radiation
• Cephalostat and its adjustment
• Tracing of roentegenogram
• Lines, planes, and angles
• Uses of cephalometrics in orthodontics
• Cephalometric analysis: Downs, Steiner, Sassouni, Ricketts

9. Materials used in Orthpdontics:

• Metals
• Methods of wire joining; welding and soldering
• Impression & cast materials
• Elastic modules
• Cements and Direct Bonding materials

10. Diagnosis and treatment planning

• Principles of diagnosis
• Treatment plannning in mutilated dentition
• Dentoalveolar malocclusion
• Dental arch relationship
• Expansion of dental arches
• Craniofacial abnormalities
• Diagnosis and treatment planning in deciduous, mixed, and permanent dentitions.
• Prognosis
• Contraindications of orthodontic treatment
• Preventive orthodontics:
  • Maintenance of normal occlusion
  • Abnormal resorption
  • Space control
  • Occlusion equilibrium
  • Labial frenum
• Interceptive orthodontics:
  • Equilibration of occlusal disharmonies
  • Developing crossbite
  • Anterior diastemas
  • Control of abnormal habits
  • Developing mandibular prognathism
• Extraction for orthodontics
  • Reasons for extraction
  • Choice of teeth for extraction
  • Criteria of extraction
  • Serial extraction & its indication

11. Sequelae of malocclusion

12. Dental care during orthodontic treatment

13. Anchorage:

• Definition of anchorage
• Types of anchorage
• Anchorage preparation in different techniques

14. Methods of transmitting forces:

• Intermittent force
• Continuous force

15. Treatment mechanics:

• Techniques of orthodontic treatment
• Removable appliances (Functional & Active)
• Fixed appliances (Light wire, Edgewise, Extraoral, Straight wire)

16. Treatment of Cleft palate:

* Etiology, types of clefts
* Cleft palate orthodontics

17. Tissue changes incident to orthodontic tooth movement:

• Mechanism of bone resorption and formation
• The piezo electric theory of bone and its implication to orthodontic tooth movement
• issue reaction and histochemical changes following orthodontic tooth movement.
• ypes of individual tooth movement
• Tissue damage incident to orthodontic tooth movement
• Magnitude and duration of force

18. Retention and relapse:

• Clinical application
• Retention mechanics
• Causes and recovery of relaps

19. Surgical orthodontics:

• Role of orthodontics in the management of:
  • minor cases (impaction, supernumeraries)
  • major cases (skeletal prognathism)

II. PRACTICAL AND CLINICAL

1. Impression taking - Casting - trimming

2. Tracing of Cephalograms

3. Wire bending exercise & removable appliance designing, diagnostic set-up

4. Soldering & welding

5. Separation of teeth

6. Typodont work

• Instruction for typodont set up for different Classes of malocclusion (Class I, extraction Class II extraction and nonextraction)
• Banding
• Leveling and alignment of arches
• 1 st order bends
• 2 nd order bends
• 3 rd order bends
• Extraoral appliances

7. Space maintainers

8. Appliances for correction od abnormal habits

9. Bonding

III. SEMINARS

Student should give seminars on assigned topics through the program, besides sharing in weekly clinical seminars

IV. REQUIREMENTS

Students should fulfill the following requirements before attending the final examination:

• Ten orthodontic cases treated by removable appliances.
• At least fifteen clinical problems treated by fixed orthodontic appliances, ten of these cases would be 4 premolar extraction case, treated by one of the conventional techniques (edgewise).